The UnderDOG!:)

2009-08-26T06:53:00.000-07:00

"Anong nangyayari SAYO?"

Come Back! I need You.

It is not so much what you say,

as the manner in which you say it.

It's not so much the language you use,

as the tone in which you convey it.

"Come Back!" I sharply said,

and SHE cowered and wept.

"I Need You!" I said softly, she looked and smiled

and straight to my lap she crept.

Words may be mild and fair

and the tone pierce like dart,

Words may be soft as the summer air

but the tone may break a heart,

Three words come from the mind,

grow by study and art.

But tone leaps from the inner self

revealing the state of the heart.

Whether you know it or not,

Whether you mean or care,

Gentleness, kindness, love and hate, anger are there.

Then would you quarrel avoid, and peace and love rejoice?

keep anger not only out of you words,

Keep it out of you VOICE.

"I LOVE YOU SO MUCH!" -78

_gibo ko yan!_:)

2009-08-22T01:55:00.000-07:00

Sa mahabang araw na hindi ako nagbblog. I'M BACK!

salamat. isang salita na masasabi ko sa lahat. lalo na't wala na akong kaaway. at higit sa lahat. magkakabati na kmi ng kaibigan ko. :). sana naman maibalik namin ang mga araw na nagkaroon kmi ng mga magagandang pagjajamming. if you know what i mean. basta napakasaya ko ngayon. sorry kung hindi kita nakausap kanina. alam mo naman na nanjan cia. kilala mo na yun kung cno. sorry tlga sa lahat. alam mo, magkabati lng tayo masaya na ako. at higit sa lahat, kakalimutan ko na SIYA.hai. SALAMAT BERT!;)

[brothers fight]

-zero.eight

2009-08-02T07:14:00.000-07:00

SORRY! ;(

dae na mauulit.

I PROMISE.
sorry sa gabos!

"the answers are all inside of me, all i gonna do is believe!"
BET ON IT!!

BLOG CLOSED.

-zero.eight

2009-07-28T07:21:00.000-07:00

hayan nnman ako.nakatutuk sa laptop. gumagawa nang walang kwentang post or should i say incomprehensible na post.hha. masyadong napipikon na ako sa isang tao ngayun. pinapasensyahan ko na nga lang. ang plastik nya kasi. hindi nya alam plastik na ako sa kanya. kung minsan nga bumibisita pa ako sa kanyang silid aralan. pero ngunyn HINDI NA. mas gugustuhin ko pang makipagbati sa nawala kong kaibigan kaysa sa kaibugan nga, nangbabackstab naman. ano pa ang sense?. kaya kung pwede lang, rautan mo na ko sa makakaya mo ta mayong taong matubod saimu. tapos labot ko man bya? rautun mo ko aus lang.as if 22o man yan. saro ka lang na b****ng mayong kwenta na puro hawhaw. huna mu naman kung csay ka. uni lang masasabi ko saimu. dakul nang tao ang naaangot saimu noy. kaya pakaray ka. kung dae ako mkapag pigil mabanug tka. pero dahil sa nagbabago na ako. hindi ko yan magagawa sayo. pero rumayo ka na sako. hambugun kang maray. ginagamit mo pati ang kapangyarihan mo sa salang paraan. hyp. cge pating hagad kapalit. risang pobre. hay habo ko nang dagdagan pa. bka kung ano pa ang mataram ko. tapos saro pa, NOY, pakaray ka. ini lang masasabi ko, mayo ka pa sa kalingkingan ko.

.cha! happy 29 saaga!:))

-zero.eight

2009-07-27T05:46:00.000-07:00

woo.ang lagkit nang araw ko. sa umaga plng kay lagkit na dahil sa late ako. nang bumaba ako ng sasakyan, binigyan kaagad ng papel at naghanap ng lapis sabay sulat ng pangalan atbp. masyadong marami ang nangyari ngayon. hindi nga lang maganda. ang iba maganda. ang iba naman ay hindi. una, una ako sa listahan ng mga late. pangalawa, napakaboring ng mga activities pag umaga. at pangatlo, mga pangayayring kabulakbulan sa mga estudyante. kung tutuusin nga napakaordinaryong araw ito para sakin. at pagdating ng hapon, mas marami ang nangyari. una, nagkabati c lala at si aldrin ngunit....hha.sakin nlng yun.bawal nang makalabas. pangalawa, nanood kmi ng mga walang kwentang SONA ni pangulong arroyo na puro kasinungalingan na inilahad niya. pangatlo, isa miyembro ng grupo namin na namomroblema sa isang kaibigan ko sa XE.hha.oo.wala naman pangalan ha.XD. pang-apat, isang estudyante na inatake ng kanyang sakit. lumuluha ng parang isang dungkal na bata.hha. lima, nagkajamming kmi ng mga kklse ko sa klsrum na puno ng kasiyahan at katarantaduhan. huli, kinausap ako ng isang babae, na hindi ko sana papansinin ngunit naawa ako. yan lang naman. magtatitle defense na rin kmi sa research. kaya't bka dito, magkasundo naman kmi kahit kaunting oras.

ukol nga sa kaibigan ko, bka dito ko na rin gawin ang dapat na naisabi ko nung val.ed:

I hate you:

1.dahil sa lahat ng ating pinagsamahan ganyan ang inisip mo sakin(pinagpalit kita sa iba kong kaibigan).

2. dahil di kita maintindihan. bka ngayun, wala na akong pakialam, labot ko saindo. papabayaan ko muna daw kamu,napapagal na ko.

I'm SORRY:

1. dahil alam kong pasaway ako, pero tandaan nindong may kabutihan man ko. if you can't accept me in my worst, then you don't deserve me at my best.

"IM NO LONGER INTERESTED OF WHAT MY FRIENDS THINK OF ME! SO, I'M DOING SOMETHING ABOUT IT."

-zero.eight_oO8

2009-07-20T04:42:00.000-07:00

hai.iba na talaga ang isip nang mga tao ngayun! parang isang psychic na nalalaman na ang mangyayari kinabukasan. tuald nga sa nagyari nung biyernes. hindi ako nangugulo. pero blog ko rin ito. dito ko rin nailalabas ang mga masasamang saloobin ko. ito na. nung sabi mong humingi lang ako ng sori sa harap ng CA. alam mo bang umalis ka nang humingi ako ng sori sayo? bakit? pinakinggan mo pa ba ang sunod na mga sasabihin ko?.hindi. kaya anu pa ang gagawin ko?.alangan naman habulin pa kita.hindi na tayo bata. isa pa. pagod na ako magpakumbaba. lagi nlng ako ngpapakumbaba sayo pero hindi mo tinatanggap. isa pa. nung nasa jip. lilinawin ko lang, hindi tayo mgkatapat nun, ang katapat ko nun ay si frnklyn. bakit? sa oras nag iyon kakausapin mo ako nang maayos? sa tingin ko hindi. dun nga sa skul umalis ka kaagad, anu pa kaya kung magkatabi na tayo? baka tumalon ka na palabas sa jip. yan lang naman ang iniisip ko. no choice na ako kaya hindi na kita kinausap. alam mo bang ang sakit nung nag "walk-out" ka sa harapan ko at sa harapan nila. para akong sinampal. kaya para wala nang gulo., bahala na kung magkabati tayo. nasa sayo naman yan.

isa pang nakakagulong nagyayari sa mundo ngayon. hindi ko alam kung magkabati na ba tlga kami o hindi pa. hai. sana matapos na to. marami-rami rin ang nangyari ngayon.

1. isang "open forum" na nagiyakan ang lahat ng mga tao. kahit nga ako nadala.

2. dalawang tao na naglalaplapan NANAMAN!

3. isang tao na hindi nakakalabas ng kanilang silid aralan.hha

4. absent ang isang dati kong kaibigan.

5. isang pang bobong sinabi ng isang kaklase ko, "maray pang nag "SELF DEFENSE" nlng kita.instead of title defense.

6. nagpapatawang cnabi ng isang babae na "KANINONG BONE?"hha

7. isang nakakahiya na performans nang isang klase.

8. walang band leader at trainor.

BASTA MARAMING NANGYAYARING COMPLICADO AT BAWAL NANG SABIHIN. :))

NAT!magpagaling ka na!miss na namin ang mga banat mo.hha.-XAMBOTRIBE
NEAL CORPORAL!-HAPPY BDAY para saaga!

gsto ko lang sabihin to..

HAPPY 3RD MONTHSARY IVY T. ZUNIGA!

ingat!mwah!ily!-24

"just remember no one can replace you in my heart"-o78

-zero.eight_0O8

2009-07-15T06:38:00.000-07:00

mark this day.

nabuo ang xambotribe!
Hulyo 15, 2009

-hindi namin alam na mabubuo ang grupong ito. patawa lang kmi nang patawa at jamming nang jamming. hanggang sa napaisipan namin pangalanan ang grpong ito. at nagbunga ng mga magaganda at mga gwapong miyembro.hha

kami ang bumuo ng grupo. subukan niyong makisalamuha samin at siguradong malilimutan niyo ang problemang iyong dinadala.hha!

"cam-cam, bhorj, bea, natalie, karen, simon, julius sibz, justine at si joseph"

XAMBOTRIBE!
what is your proffesion?
"ugma-ugma!"

hha!ingat kayo!

-zero.eight

2009-07-14T06:05:00.000-07:00

maybe for some reason, i may say goodbye.

for the past weeks sacrifice really exists. Sacrifices which are both frustrating and exhilarating.hha. discouraging and exciting. but most of all, INTRIGUING!hha. but most of all, evoking a plethora of emotions all geared in one focus. to apologize to one girl. to unfold another chapter of its new beginning. it will continuously rediscover, redefine, and understand the complexities between the two of us with faith and humility.

-zero.eight.

2009-07-13T05:22:00.000-07:00

The poor have tiny psychological wallets. God wants to give them more, but theis psychology can't handle the blessing.hha. So here it is.

Today, my mom gave me my allowance for the entire week. YES!.hha. ahm. But because it was "too much" for me, I felt very uncomfortable.hha. but it's true. in other words the money didn't fit in my psychological wallet. the money didn't match my perceived identitiy.

This was the very first thing i did in school. I sat with these raw feelings for a while, and identified them as fear and guilt. Second, With a stern of a girls voice, i "heard" these loud thoughts within..

" You should be ashamed of youself. you should be the one doing the first move! your the boy! are you brave enough to do that!"

" You should be ashamed of youself. your s WEAK!"

" You should be ashamed of youself. you are now losing hope!don't give up!"

They are powerful emotions and I need to face them. So, starting tomorrow, a change of routine will be followed.:))

Or if i failed they would be like a ticking time bombs, ready to explode at a later time, DESTROYING whatever gorgeous things that i have attained.

-iloveyousooomuchh!_oO8:]

2009-07-08T07:25:00.000-07:00

Top 8 Featured friends:

1. Carmela Mayor

2. Jhec Pelagio

3. Annie Villareal

4. Carmela Eleazar

5. Bok Mayang

6. Kyle Deleon and Aaron Buenagua

7. Rica Pacardo and Akiko Koyama

8. Catherine Imperial and Ivy Zuniga

hhe.para ngunyn yan.hha.ingat!

-zero.eight

2009-07-08T07:04:00.001-07:00

Many people now and then, said that they are rich.

Why be rich anyway?:))

This question is quite crucial. In fact, there are religious people(like me.:]) out there ready to crucify me now.hha. on the fact that there is only one reason why people want to be rich, it's because of GREED!hha.

Others may say that I've gone over to the devil's side, and now admiring materialism.hha.duh. I can't and will never admire materialsm. I've seen materialsm in the depths of my soul and smelled its stench. I've seen it at work in the hearts of those I try to help and comfort everyday, and I saw how materialsm eats our attitude. remember that MATERIALSM PROMISES HEAVEN BUT DELIVERS HELL. OMG.hha. it's like faceless void in DOTA.hha. he is so dangerous. hha. he is a faceless monster that destroys everything.just like materialsm.

wealth can never answer the deepest longings of our soul. only love can do that.so love,even your worst enemy and love everybody.

"bato-bato sa langit tamaan huwag magalit":))

-zero.eight

2009-07-07T04:36:00.000-07:00

TOP 8 Featured friends:

1. Annie Villareal
-saru sa barkadang maurag kajamming.pirming kinukudot ang pisngi tapos braso ko.ha

2. Jhec Pelagio
-maurag magbasketbol pero daog ko man grry.hha.

3. Bok mayang
-maurag man kajamming. may pagkausmak lang kaya.hha

4. Carmela Mayor
- malupet man kajamming. ocho ko ni.hha. pi monthsary saaga. ma'man.

5. Jenny Ibasco
- actually nagduduwaduwa ako kung ilalaag tka dgd.hha.malupet man ni kajamming.

6. Catherine Imperial
- amo ko. padangat ko man ni.hha. malupet kajamming taz magasikaso,hha

7. Ivy Zuniga
- amo ko man ni.hha. padangat ko man. malupet magasikaso taz kajamming.:))

8. Aldrin Alcantara and Carmela Eleazar
- pirming magkaibahan na sigeng pangasar.hha.peace.:) para ki aldrin,pigsali tka ta bka magkulug ang buot mo.dapat c camcam lang kuta.hha.para ki camcam, tnx seatmate sa gabos!hha.

Yan ang top 8.dae na magreklamo ang iba ta para sa ngunyn lang yan. may darating pa.hha.ingat!

-zero.eight

2009-07-07T04:17:00.000-07:00

hai. pano mo kaya mamahalin ang isang tao kung hindi ka na rin niya mahal? hha. hai. parang nawawala na nga pa unti-unti. sayang nang mga panahon. sayang nang lahat. ni hindi ko nga alam kung ano ang ugat nang lahat. bhala na. siya rin naman ang unang bumitaw. eh di ayoko na rin. hindi ko na ipagpipilit ako aking sarili. anyway, nageemo nnman ako, masakit isipin na nawala na ang lahat.

im not perfect

i fight, nag, demand, assume, complain and get jealous.

but i also support, understand, cheer, care and LOVE.

so i deserved to be loved?

she may be thinking about so many men at this moment

but to whom does she wanna spend her life with?

i may shout at her, fight with her..

i may be stuborn at all times..

but at the end of the day, i am certain for one thing..

I LOVE HER and I'm WILLING TO GET HURT..

JUST FOR THAT ONE SPECIAL GIRL.:))

-78<3

But i would like to say that. whatever happens.. i will be here for you. even if you said it's over.

just remember that you are not alone. :(

-zero.eight

2009-07-06T06:30:00.000-07:00

hai.namiss ko to. sa ilang araw na hindi pag bblog. ngayun nasa tapat na ako nang computer at naiisip kung ano ang pwedeng ipost. hha. wala naman ngayun masyadong nangyari.kahit na katiting. pero unang araw nang pasukan ngayung linggo ay nkakabwisit. dahil na rin sa test namin sa anageom na napakadugo! hha.pero nakapangbawi ang dalawang tsokolateng binigay sakin ni aldrin na kinain ko pagkatapus nang madugong test.hha. joke. pero kung titiisin, mahirap tlga. mahirap din aminin na wala na kong pakialam sa babaeng tinuturing kong.. hha. pabitin. ayoko na sabihin.hha. sapagkat may napakinggan akong masakit saking tenga at higit sa lahat sa aking puso.hha. nagdrama ba naman.:)) higit na maiipit ako dahil sa katabi ko ang pinsan niya sa bago naming seat plan. pero ayus lang naman. ayus siyang kakwentuhan at higit sa lhat. tapat at mapagkakatiwalaan. marami na rin akong naikwento sa kanya. hha. :)) nakakaiyak na hindi na si mam chavez ang guro namin sa AP 4. kundi isang unggoy na nagmula sa africa na nawawala sa pilipinas.hha. parang gusto kong umalis nang silid aralan sa tuwing papasok na siya sa aming klasrum. hai. nakakairita. grabe! SH*T!hha. speaking of DLMO, may isang istranghero na nagapply raw na maging trainor namin. how touching! hha. pero napakapangit niya naman.ahahaha.:)) ukol pa dun, mag eexchange picture kmi nang aking barkada na si veonica, tama ba ang tawag dun? hha. bsta. hha. napanood ko rin ang mga nag-gagandahang majorettes. hha. pero ayoko nang pagusapan yan dahil may naaalala lang ako. hha. may narinig nga pala ako. sana maging maayus ka na at makapasok ka na bukas kahit alam kong galit ka sakin.ingat. may nabasa akong post. pag nalaman ko lang na isa ako run!hm!malilintikan ka sakin!hha. joke lang!:))

Things that made me laugh today:

1. sir maskom's evil laughs ang jokes.hha
2. Carpio's silly answers
3. our newly crowned AP teacher's stupidness! may carbohydrates raw ang waterlilly!hha.
4. Steven's jokes
5. Aldrin's stupidity and jokes.hha
6. Bok's chain message.
7. Baan's text.
8. justine's evil laughs.hha
9. julius' body.ahaha:))
10. sibulo's "give me 5!".pasuya!
11. Lala's silliness.hha
12. Beno's aniningal!hha
13. Precious' jokes
14. Jhec's Dumbness!ahaha

PS: Happy 8th Monthsary on wednesday!:))
Lhalee and Me!_o08

-o0o078!<3

2009-06-30T07:04:00.000-07:00

I learned many things in this subject. thus, programming really makes us great. about program design and many more. I aslo want to learn about electronics someday and robotics. I want to share this site foe those who are bold enough to extend the wings feild of TLE.

-zero.eight

2009-06-30T07:02:00.000-07:00

FLOWCHARTING

INTRODUCTION

The flowchart is a means of visually presenting the flow of data through an information processing systems, the operations performed within the system and the sequence in which they are performed. In this lesson, we shall concern ourselves with the program flowchart, which describes what operations (and in what sequence) are required to solve a given problem. The program flowchart can be likened to the blueprint of a building. As we know a designer draws a blueprint before starting construction on a building. Similarly, a programmer prefers to draw a flowchart prior to writing a computer program. As in the case of the drawing of a blueprint, the flowchart is drawn according to defined rules and using standard flowchart symbols prescribed by the American National Standard Institute, Inc.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to understand:

the meaning of flowchart
the basic parts of the flowchart such as flowchart symbols and the flow lines connecting these symbols.
the advantages and limitations of flowchart

MEANING OF A FLOWCHART

A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to get the solution of a problem. Flowcharts are generally drawn in the early stages of formulating computer solutions. Flowcharts facilitate communication between programmers and business people. These flowcharts play a vital role in the programming of a problem and are quite helpful in understanding the logic of complicated and lengthy problems. Once the flowchart is drawn, it becomes easy to write the program in any high level language. Often we see how flowcharts are helpful in explaining the program to others. Hence, it is correct to say that a flowchart is a must for the better documentation of a complex program.

GUIDELINES FOR DRAWING A FLOWCHART

Flowcharts are usually drawn using some standard symbols; however, some special symbols can also be developed when required. Some standard symbols, which are frequently required for flowcharting many computer programs are shown in Fig. 25.1

Start or end of the program
Computational steps or processing function of a program
Input or output operation
Decision making and branching
Connector or joining of two parts of program
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Off-page connector
Flow line
Annotation
Display

Flowchart Symbols

The following are some guidelines in flowcharting:

In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements should be listed out in logical order.
The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There should not be any room for ambiguity in understanding the flowchart.
The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or top to bottom.
Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
or

Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave the decision symbol.

Only one flow line is used in conjunction with terminal symbol.

Write within standard symbols briefly. As necessary, you can use the annotation symbol to describe data or computational steps more clearly.

If the flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it more effective and better way of communication.
Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish.
It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing through it with a simple test data.

ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

The benefits of flowcharts are as follows:

Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned.
Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be analysed in more effective way.
Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation, which is needed for various purposes.
Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis and program development phase.
Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process.
Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part

LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS

Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex and clumsy.
Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the flowchart may require re-drawing completely.
Reproduction: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem.
The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in the technical details of how it is done.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quiz!

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 1

Fill in the blank.
A program flowchart indicates the_________ to be per formed and the __________ in which they occur.
A program flowchart is generally read from _____________ to ________________
Flowcharting symbols are connected together by means of ___________________
A decision symbol may be used in determining the ____________ or ___________ of two data items.
__________ are used to join remote portions of a flowchart
____________ connectors are used when a flowchart ends on one page and begins again on other page
A ________ symbol in used at the beginning and end of a flowchart.
The flowchart is one of the best ways of ________ a program..
To construct a flowchart, one must adhere to prescribed symbols provided by the __________ .
The programmed uses a ____________ to aid him in drawing flowchart symbols.

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Algorithm

Flowcharts are often used to graphically represent algorithms.In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related subjects, an algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, an explicit, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, often used for calculation and data processing. It is formally a type of effective method in which a list of well-defined instructions for completing a task, will when given an initial state, proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an end-state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as probabilistic algorithms, incorporate randomness.

Why algorithms are necessary: an informal definition
For a detailed presentation of the various points of view around the definition of "algorithm" see Algorithm characterizations. For examples of simple addition algorithms specified in the detailed manner described in Algorithm characterizations, see Algorithm examples.
While there is no generally accepted formal definition of "algorithm", an informal definition could be "a process that performs some sequence of operations." For some people, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually. For others, a program is only an algorithm if it stops before a given number of calculation steps.

A prototypical example of an "algorithm" is Euclid's algorithm to determine the maximum common divisor of two integers (X and Y) which are greater than one: We follow a series of steps: In step i, we divide X by Y and find the remainder, which we call R1. Then we move to step i + 1, where we divide Y by R1, and find the remainder, which we call R2. If R2=0, we stop and say that R1 is the greatest common divisor of X and Y. If not, we continue, until Rn=0. Then Rn-1 is the max common division of X and Y. This procedure is known to stop always and the number of subtractions needed is always smaller than the larger of the two numbers.

Formalization
Algorithms are essential to the way computers process information. Many computer programs contain algorithms that specify the specific instructions a computer should perform (in a specific order) to carry out a specified task, such as calculating employees’ paychecks or printing students’ report cards. Thus, an algorithm can be considered to be any sequence of operations that can be simulated by a Turing-complete system. Authors who assert this thesis include Savage (1987) and Gurevich (2000):

...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine (Gurevich 2000:1)...according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. (Gurevich 2000:3)

Typically, when an algorithm is associated with processing information, data is read from an input source, written to an output device, and/or stored for further processing. Stored data is regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm. In practice, the state is stored in one or more data structures.

For any such computational process, the algorithm must be rigorously defined: specified in the way it applies in all possible circumstances that could arise. That is, any conditional steps must be systematically dealt with, case-by-case; the criteria for each case must be clear (and computable).

Because an algorithm is a precise list of precise steps, the order of computation will always be critical to the functioning of the algorithm. Instructions are usually assumed to be listed explicitly, and are described as starting "from the top" and going "down to the bottom", an idea that is described more formally by flow of control.

So far, this discussion of the formalization of an algorithm has assumed the premises of imperative programming. This is the most common conception, and it attempts to describe a task in discrete, "mechanical" means. Unique to this conception of formalized algorithms is the assignment operation, setting the value of a variable. It derives from the intuition of "memory" as a scratchpad. There is an example below of such an assignment.

For some alternate conceptions of what constitutes an algorithm see functional programming and logic programming .

Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation, including natural languages, pseudocode, flowcharts, and programming languages. Natural language expressions of algorithms tend to be verbose and ambiguous, and are rarely used for complex or technical algorithms. Pseudocode and flowcharts are structured ways to express algorithms that avoid many of the ambiguities common in natural language statements, while remaining independent of a particular implementation language. Programming languages are primarily intended for expressing algorithms in a form that can be executed by a computer, but are often used as a way to define or document algorithms.

There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables (see more at finite state machine and state transition table), as flowcharts (see more at state diagram), or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called "sets of quadruples" (see more at Turing machine).

Sometimes it is helpful in the description of an algorithm to supplement small "flow charts" (state diagrams) with natural-language and/or arithmetic expressions written inside "block diagrams" to summarize what the "flow charts" are accomplishing.

2009-06-30T06:57:00.000-07:00

Flowcharting-

flowchart is a common type of chart, that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

History

The first structured method for documenting process flow, the "flow process chart", was introduced by Frank Gilbreth to members of ASME in 1921 as the presentation “Process Charts—First Steps in Finding the One Best Way”. Gilbreth's tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H. Mogensen began training business people in the use of some of the tools of industrial engineering at his Work Simplification Conferences in Lake Placid, New York.

A 1944 graduate of Mogensen's class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their Deliberate Methods Change Program. Another 1944 graduate, Ben S. Graham, Director of Formcraft Engineering at Standard Register Corporation, adapted the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart to displays multiple documents and their relationships. In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreth's original work as the ASME Standard for Process Charts by Mishad,Ramsan,Raiaan.

According to Herman Goldstine, he developed flowcharts with John von Neumann at Princeton University in late 1946 and early 1947.[2]

Flowcharts used to be a popular means for describing computer algorithms. They are still used for this purpose; modern techniques such as UML activity diagrams can be considered to be extensions of the flowchart. However, their popularity decreased when, in the 1970s, interactive computer terminals and third-generation programming languages became the common tools of the trade, since algorithms can be expressed much more concisely and readably as source code in such a language. Often, pseudo-code is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one.

Flowchart building blocks

Symbols

A typical flowchart from older Computer Science textbooks may have the following kinds of symbols:

Start and end symbols
Represented as lozenges, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as "submit enquiry" or "receive product".

Arrows

Showing what's called "flow of control" in computer science. An arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow points to.

Processing steps

Represented as rectangles. Examples: "Add 1 to X"; "replace identified part"; "save changes" or similar.

Input/Output

Represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user; display X.

Conditional or decision

Represented as a diamond (rhombus). These typically contain a Yes/No question or True/False test. This symbol is unique in that it has two arrows coming out of it, usually from the bottom point and right point, one corresponding to Yes or True, and one corresponding to No or False. The arrows should always be labeled. More than two arrows can be used, but this is normally a clear indicator that a complex decision is being taken, in which case it may need to be broken-down further, or replaced with the "pre-defined process" symbol.
A number of other symbols that have less universal currency, such as:

A Document represented as a rectangle with a wavy base;
A Manual input represented by parallelogram, with the top irregularly sloping up from left to right. An example would be to signify data-entry from a form;
A Manual operation represented by a trapezoid with the longest parallel side at the top, to represent an operation or adjustment to process that can only be made manually.
A Data File represented by a cylinder
Flowcharts may contain other symbols, such as connectors, usually represented as circles, to represent converging paths in the flowchart. Circles will have more than one arrow coming into them but only one going out. Some flowcharts may just have an arrow point to another arrow instead. These are useful to represent an iterative process (what in Computer Science is called a loop). A loop may, for example, consist of a connector where control first enters, processing steps, a conditional with one arrow exiting the loop, and one going back to the connector. Off-page connectors are often used to signify a connection to a (part of another) process held on another sheet or screen. It is important to remember to keep these connections logical in order. All processes should flow from top to bottom and left to right.

Examples

A simple flowchart for computing factorial N (N!)A flowchart for computing factorial N (N!) where N! = (1 * 2 * 3 * ... * N). This flowchart represents a "loop and a half" — a situation discussed in introductory programming textbooks that requires either a duplication of a component (to be both inside and outside the loop) or the component to be put inside a branch in the loop.

Types of flowcharts
There are many different types of flowcharts. On the one hand there are different types for different users, such as analysts, designers, engineers, managers, or programmers.[3] On the other hand those flowcharts can represent different types of objects. Sterneckert (2003) divides four more general types of flowcharts:[3]

Document flowcharts, showing a document flow through system
Data flowcharts, showing data flows in a system
System flowcharts showing controls at a physical or resource level
Program flowchart, showing the controls in a program within a system
However there are several of these classifications. For example Andrew Veronis (1978) named three basic types of flowcharts: the system flowchart, the general flowchart, and the detailed flowchart.[4] That same year Marilyn Bohl (1978) stated "in practice, two kinds of flowcharts are used in solution planning: system flowcharts and program flowcharts...".[5] More recently Mark A. Fryman (2001) stated that there are more differences. Decision flowcharts, logic flowcharts, systems flowcharts, product flowcharts, and process flowcharts are "just a few of the different types of flowcharts that are used in business and government.[6]

Software

Manual
Any vector-based drawing program can be used to create flowchart diagrams, but these will have no underlying data model to share data with databases or other programs such as project management systems or spreadsheets. Some tools offer special support for flowchart drawing, e.g., ConceptDraw, SmartDraw, Visio, and OmniGraffle.

Automatic
Many software packages exist that can create flowcharts automatically, either directly from source code, or from a flowchart description language. For example, Graph::Easy, a Perl package, takes a textual description of the graph, and uses the description to generate various output formats including HTML, ASCII or SVG.

2009-06-22T05:59:00.000-07:00

Kobe Byant- shooting guard of the Los Angeles Lakers. the MVP awardee this nba finals. I really like him a lot. in fact he is my idol. haha. maybe for the fact that he is so good in playing basketball. the other thing that i like the most about him is that he didn't give up until the last game between the orlando magic. he was very serious at the rest of the game. but in game 5, where they beat the orlando magic. he then put a smile on his face for the first time. VIVA LAKERS! haha!

It's quite ironic that today was very glamorous. I felt very boring for the past lessons. but one thing that made me happy today is that i was with her. lunch, she talked to me. i was really happy. yet, i remember the girl that usually makes me happy. but then, she seems she don't care anymore. so what a waste of time. nais ko lang magsabi ng pasasalamat kay jenny.kay aldrin, na nagbibigay ng mga walang katiwaliang joke.haha, kay ivy at cathy, na aking mga dakilang amo. adbans tnkyu kay lala, kay aries na ubod ng sipag dahil siya ang aming presidente, sa hotchoco na laging nanjan para sakin. at higit sa lahat, mga barkada ko sa adnu at sa nps.pati na rin sa ncshs. mabuhay kayong lahat! haha. ngspeech na.

"Sports do not build character, they reveal it!"

-zero.eight

2009-06-13T00:15:00.000-07:00

Si Gene Kervin Borja. 15-anyos. pinangaking gwapo. ngiistar sa siyudad ning Naga na matuninong. ngiskwela ning elementarya sa Naga Parochial School. naging sikat siya sa iskwelahan na yan. ngkakanta, naging student visitor kang grade 4 sa Unibersidad de Santa Isabel, Naging Honor student asin top 10 kang seksyon at higit sa lahat, naging Bise-presidente kang SCO. Dae nahali sa Star seksyon kang elementarya.<1-st.john>. naging barumbado sa impluwensya kang mga barkada. mabuot man ni maski papano asin mapinidangat.pero demonyo pag makalaban mo.jan niya ngani daa nabisto ang love at first sight niya.isay man daw yan?.maaagihan ta yan atsan. kang nag-gradwar siya ning elementarya, nkapasa man sa Naga City Science High School kung sain nag tino-tino man maski papano. kang 1st year siya naging 1-Antares. Ibahun ang mga kklse niya. mga matatalino daa. naging kaklase nya man daa c crush niya. hanggang sa natapos ang 1st year na dae niya nasabi. may nabisto man siyang barkada hanggang naging malapit na amigo niya ni hanggang 2nd year. 2nd year... mau man grry pagbabago. laptrip tapos maski ano-ano nlng. kang ngabot ang 3rd year. nawara na saiya ang gabos. nawara c barkada asin nilingawan niya ang mga crush-crush nayan hanggng may ngpakusug nnamn sa buot niya na maghiro grry sa padangat niya.xmpre ggbhun niya ta padangat niya nani. pero nkahanap mauurag na barkada,asin mauurag na jamming.ngunyan na graduating nnman. sana maayus na ang gabos. mpagalun bga ang may kaiwal ano?.haha.nagbabagong buhay naman daa ni.pero garo barumbado man grry.dugong parokyalista na garo yan.XD.hanggang dgd nlng. mau naman daang mataram.